VulnTech The math and random Modules | Learn Python

math

import math

print(math.sqrt(49))
print(math.floor(4.7))
print(math.ceil(4.2))
print(math.pow(2, 10))
print(math.factorial(5))

Output

Function	What it does
`math.sqrt(x)`	square root
`math.floor(x)`	round down to a whole number
`math.ceil(x)`	round up to a whole number
`math.factorial(n)`	1 × 2 × … × n
`math.pi`	the number π (3.14159…)

ceil is handy in real life: 23 people, 5 seats per car – how many cars?

import math
print(math.ceil(23 / 5), "cars needed")

Output

5 cars needed

random

The random module picks things by chance – great for games.

import random

print(random.randint(1, 6))
print(random.choice(["rock", "paper", "scissors"]))

cards = ["A", "K", "Q", "J"]
random.shuffle(cards)
print(cards)

Output (yours will be different – it's random!)

6
paper
['K', 'J', 'Q', 'A']

Function	What it does
`random.randint(a, b)`	a random whole number from `a` to `b` (both included)
`random.choice(list)`	one random item
`random.shuffle(list)`	mixes up the list in place
`random.random()`	a random float between 0 and 1

Common mistake: random is fine for games, but never use it for passwords or security tokens – it's predictable. Use the secrets module for that: secrets.token_hex(16).